Improving the Resilience of Port–Hinterland Container Logistics Transportation Systems: A Bi-Level Programming Approach

Port–hinterland container logistics transportation systems (PHCLTSs) are significant to economic and social development. However, various kinds of unconventional emergency events (UEEs), such as natural or human-caused disasters, threaten PHCLTSs. This study aims measure improve the resilience Bi-level programming models with two different lower level established help PHCLTSs recover their capacity efficiently in face UEEs. In upper model, government makes immediate recovery decisions about a damaged PHCLTS goal improving PHCLTS. models, truck carriers make routes freight volume recovered They cooperate fully pursue maximization total profit coordinated by central authority, they own noncooperatively. An algorithm combining particle swarm optimization (PSO) traditional algorithms is proposed solve bi-level models. The numerical experimental results show validity